Military Capability Gap Matcher Topics

Army xTechSearch | score 0.509

Navigation Home About xTech Competitions Accelerator News Successes Get Involved FAQ & Resources Contact Us Terms of Use FOIA Privacy Policy Other Helpful Links Small Business Portal SBIR|STTR Program CHALLENGE.GOV Site Map Follow Us FILTER GLOSSARY PROGRAMS ASA(ALT) Assistant Se...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.507

Topic: Advanced Energy Storage Submission Dates: Apr 21 - May 14, 2021 Winner Announced: Jul 22, 2021 Who Can Submit: United States-based companies and organizations xTech Innovation Combine Navigation Home About xTech Competitions Accelerator News Successes Get Involved FAQ & Re...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.506

for Tactical Radios Submission Dates: Mar 15 - Apr 13, 2021 Winner Announced: Jun 11, 2021 Who Can Submit: United States-based small businesses xTechWaveform Navigation Home About xTech Competitions Accelerator News Successes Get Involved FAQ & Resources Contact Us Terms of Use F...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.501

Topic: Energy, Water, Synthetic Biology Submission Dates: Mar 3 - Apr 15, 2022 Winner Announced: Jul 20, 2022 Who Can Submit: Internationally-based companies or organizations xTechInternational Navigation Home About xTech Competitions Accelerator News Successes Get Involved FAQ &...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.492

Topic: ​​Baseline Humanoid System; Advanced Humanoid Subsystems ​ Submission Dates: Aug 6 - Oct 1, 2025 Winner Announced: Oct 31, 2026 Who Can Submit: Domestic and foreign businesses xTechHumanoid Navigation Home About xTech Competitions Accelerator News Successes Get Involved FA...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.489

Topic: ​​Counter-sUAS for Dismounted Forces; Stratospheric Effects; Reconnaissance and Security for Reduced Formations; Rear Are Security​ Submission Dates: Mar 24 - Apr 24, 2026 Winner Announced: Apr 24, 2026 Who Can Submit: Small and large businesses attending eMerge Americas 2...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.485

Topic: ​​Sensor Analysis and Integration; Edge Deployments and Drone Operation; Mission Command and Control; Digital Defense and Cybersecurity; General National Security​ Submission Dates: Apr 14 - May 2, 2026 Winner Announced: May 3, 2026 Who Can Submit: ​​Students, independent ...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.483

Topic: Extended On-Station Time and Range for MRR; Affordable Drones and Loitering Munitions for Scaled Operations; Power Generation for Ground Units with sUAS; C-UAS for Soldier Operations Submission Dates: Feb 23 - Mar 18, 2026 Winner Announced: Nov 30, 2026 Who Can Submit: ​​U...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.480

Topic: Counter-Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) Submission Dates: Mar 31 - Apr 29, 2022 Winner Announced: Jul 29, 2022 Who Can Submit: Eligible entities include nonprofit organizations, for-profit organizations (i.e., large and small businesses), institutions of higher educati...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.475

Topic: ​​Passive UAS Detection; Active UAS Detection; Defeat of UAS; Threat-simulated UAS​ Submission Dates: Sep 2 - Sep 15, 2025 Winner Announced: Nov 24, 2025 Who Can Submit: ​​Domestic and foreign businesses​ xTechCounter Strike Navigation Home About xTech Competitions Acceler...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.466

Topic: ​​​Quantum Sensors and Quantum Clocks for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT); Quantum Radio Frequency Sensors; Quantum Electromagnetic Sensors; Photonics Submission Dates: Apr 15 - May 13, 2026 Winner Announced: Jul 31, 2026 Who Can Submit: ​​U.S. based small business...

SOFWERX | score 0.121

of Phase III, where appropriate, is for the small business to pursue commercialization objectives resulting from the Phase I/II R/R&D activities. The SBIR/STTR programs do not fund Phase III. SBIR Process Timeline 13 April 2026: USSOCOM begins accepting proposals via DSIP 13 May ...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.324

Safe, Printable, Conformal Batteries Problem Statement: The Army is seeking printable and conformal batteries that can be integrated into parts of weapons, surveillance systems, equipment (such as a helmet, gunstock, uniform/armor), or vehicles, to power features such as night vi...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.323

The U.S. Army is looking to develop an intelligent system where Counter Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) sensors and systems can orchestrate autonomously to communicate and coordinate their actions. The goal of this system is to reduce latency and bandwidth while improving rel...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.266

The U.S. Army’s front-line units are facing significant challenges from adversaries who are using large quantities of low-cost technologies like drones and jammers. The Army’s current equipment is often too expensive, complex, and slow to deploy, which leaves smaller units vulner...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.262

​ The Army is interested in concepts that are adaptable to resource-constrained environments, support distributed operations, and can be developed and transitioned in alignment with DoW priorities and applicable requirements. Collaboration with a broad range of participants, incl...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.251

Synthetic biology is enabling us to better harness nature to produce leap-ahead materials that we cannot make efficiently in any other way. Cell culture methods that have been the workhorse for industrial use often require very controlled process conditions and can have various l...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.245

will consist of three rounds: (1) Call for concept white papers; (2) Testing; and (3) Final demonstration. The competition will award up to $2,000,000 in cash prizes to selected participants. Up to 20 finalists will receive a cash prize of $25,000 each and an invitation to pitch ...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.237

registration page); and Shall be at the sole discretion of the Government. Submission window is closed. Download Full RFI Total Money Offered: Up to $2,000,000

Army xTechSearch | score 0.236

is seeking cutting-edge technology solutions focused on the importance of preparing data for AI applications and the tools and techniques available from industry to automate and streamline the process. The competition will present an opportunity for Army organizations to see firs...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.225

completion. ​ The xTechCounter Strike competition will consist of two phases: ​ (1) Application, including the following: ​ a. Four (4)-page white paper; ​ b. Self-certification of minimum requirements; ​ c. Per unit pricing, to include volume discount options; ​ d. Optional, but...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.222

incentivizes small businesses to propose innovative, viable technology concepts to the Army to develop an open hardware architecture for software defined radios (SDRs) that can facilitate the decoupling of hardware and software-based waveforms. Each participant with a selected Co...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.211

U.S. and allied operational advantages and increase risk to personnel and critical infrastructure. Current detection and defeat capabilities are often insufficient in complex terrain and f ast evolving threat landscapes. ​ The Army seeks innovative, mature, ready-to-deploy (TRL 6...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.200

The DOD, including all joint services, anticipates being faced with challenges in executing military operations against technologically advanced, numerically superior, and/or capable peer and near-peer adversaries in unprecedented complex and lethal operational environments. The ...

SOFWERX | score 0.587

This event is seeking information on handheld HF radios that are currently available or could be readily adapted to meet USSOCOM's operational requirements. PEO-TIS is interested in capabilities that are lightweight, rugged, and offer advanced features to enhance communications i...

SOFWERX | score 0.586

To evaluate and select the most promising hydrogen energy system capable of providing reliable, independent power for basing operations, the selected system should meet performance criteria while prioritizing scalability, portability, and safety. The end state is to identify a hy...

SOFWERX | score 0.586

is to find a low-SWaP gimballed Thermal and EO/IR with a Class 3B IR Pointer. Why You Should Participate USSOCOM seeks to enter into non-FAR or FAR-based agreements with Industry, Academic, and National Lab partners whose solutions are favorably evaluated by PEO-SW Subject Matter...

SOFWERX | score 0.554

USSOCOM will use this series of events between Government, Industry, Academia, and National Labs to address the aforementioned limitations and develop a robust solution that leverages the power of currently fielded instrumentation to accurately and efficiently detect counterfeit ...

SOFWERX | score 0.544

USSOCOM hopes to find solutions for a GIS-generated Geopolitical Toolkit (or atlas) and social network analysis to help SOF professionals assess and visualize where geopolitical flashpoints might emerge. The aim is a single operating picture that combines the GIS-generated Geopol...

SOFWERX | score 0.452

As vehicles become increasingly connected, equipped with advanced sensors, GPS systems, and communication modules, they generate vast amounts of data and emit unique signatures. These signatures, while essential for functionality, pose risks to privacy, security, and operational ...

SOFWERX | score 0.452

of this project is to develop a GPT model that can assist students, faculty, and staff members in various academic and administrative tasks, including but not limited to research, writing, and tutoring. 1. Develop a customized GPT model architecture optimized for academic and adm...

SOFWERX | score 0.375

This event will unite USSOCOM SOF AT&L PEO-M, industry leaders, and subject matter experts to collaboratively shape the future of maritime superiority. Together, we will define the Next Generation Maritime Optical System for our Combatant Craft fleet, ensuring our advantage both ...

SOFWERX | score 0.343

This event will help to establish a comprehensive maintenance environment that leverages telemetry, maintenance records, and supply data to optimize craft material readiness and minimize downtime. This will be achieved by: Identifying and prioritizing critical data sources: Surve...

SOFWERX | score 0.162

s. non-government Through collaborations with non-government organizations (NGOs) and private entities, SOFWERX engages in humanitarian assistance, information sharing, and other cooperative efforts that align with broader societal goals and global security interests. employee lo...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.087

​ The U.S. Army is interested in cutting-edge technology solutions that will drive significant advancements in military capabilities while addressing complex challenges and enhancing national security. The competition seeks white papers for research and development efforts to pro...

SOFWERX | score 0.083

of Phase III, where appropriate, is for the small business to pursue commercialization objectives resulting from the Phase I/II R/R&D activities. The SBIR/STTR programs do not fund Phase III. SBIR Process Timeline 13 April 2026: USSOCOM begins accepting proposals via DSIP 13 May ...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.658

Topic: Waveform

Army xTechSearch | score 0.658

below. Topic: Waveform

Army xTechSearch | score 0.616

. The xTechSBIR Waveform

Army xTechSearch | score 0.085

(also referred to as the Innovation Combine) being tentatively held on or around 21-22 July 2021. WINNER Galley Power LLC/UEC Electronics LLC Next Generation BB-2590 with an Innovative Power Flow Control Battery Management System Topic 1 - Technologies for Battery Monitoring and ...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.077

incentivizes small businesses to propose innovative, viable technology concepts to the Army to develop an open hardware architecture for software defined radios (SDRs) that can facilitate the decoupling of hardware and software-based waveforms. WINNER ANDRO Computational Solution...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.057

for Tactical Radios Problem Statement: The Army seeks a standardized, open architecture, non-proprietary SDR that may be configured to adapt to various waveforms, frequency bands, bandwidths, and modes of operation to support tactical, terrestrial communications requirements on t...

AFWERX | score 0.041

This topic is intended for technology proven ready to move directly into Phase II and accepts Direct to Phase II proposals only. The proposed research will focus on identifying compounds with broad-spectrum activity against clinically relevant fungal pathogens while minimizing to...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.038

Topic: Automated Data Verification and Validation; Data Augmentation and Feature Engineering Submission Dates: Dec 19 - Jan 30, 2025 Winner Announced: Aug 8, 2025 Who Can Submit: U.S.-based Businesses xTech AI Grand

AFWERX | score 0.028

The objective of this topic is to conduct applied research to an innovative capability for a deployable, and user -friendly manufacturing system that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance advanced additive and subtractive machining capabili...

AFWERX | score 0.027

Develop a low-cost, versatile sUAS platform (Group 3 and below) specifically designed to accommodate modular payloads and capable of ground launch. This platform should enable agile electronic warfare applications in swarms. This topic is intended to develop a standalone solution...

AFWERX | score 0.023

The objective of this topic is to develop applied research towards a low cost and compact Laser interferometric Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system for rapid clearance of undersea terrain and checkout by divers and vessel operators. To this end, this effort is developing a compa...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.019

s are listed below. The efforts described in this Announcement are being pursued under the authorities of 10 U.S.C. § 2374a (Prizes for Advanced Technology Achievements) and 10 U.S.C. § 4003 (Prototype Projects) (formerly 10 U.S.C. § 2371b). The crosscutting topic area of advance...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.530

for this capability in the joint force, “DoD needs more options for low cost cUAS sensors that can augment our more exquisite capabilities to provide earlier warnings and indicators,” said Way. “We understand there may be trade-offs in detection range and accuracy to drive down c...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.480

for an operationally viable Autonomous Vehicle Orchestrator – a layer of technology that can translate a battlefield commander’s intent from voice, text, and haptic input into machine execution. To support this critical DoW need, the Defense Innovation Unit, the Defense Autonomou...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.413

ed for comprehensive inertial navigation. Extensive ground and flight tests will be executed this Fall. Lessons learned from qualifications of the space inertial sensor directly contributed to subsequent design cycles, emphasizing the benefits from rapid prototyping for emerging ...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.370

Work With Us - Open Solicitations - Commercial Skip to main content ☰ Who We Are About Us Our Team Work With Us Solutions Latest Contact 0 Open Pathway s We offer multiple pathways for your Technology and Talent solutions to impact national security by matching threats with real-...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.368

New Solicitation: Joint Low-Collateral Defeat Capabilities (Replicator 2) Skip to main content ☰ Who We Are About Us Our Team Work With Us Solutions Latest Contact 0 Open Pathway s news | 5 May 2025 DIU, NORTHCOM, JCO Announce Solicitation for Joint Low-Collateral Defeat Capabili...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.312

Winners Announced for C-UAS Low-Cost Sensing Challenge Skip to main content ☰ Who We Are About Us Our Team Work With Us Solutions Latest Contact 0 Open Pathway s news | 12 December 2025 DIU, JIATF-401, USNORTHCOM, US ARMY Announce Winner for C-UAS Low-Cost Sensing Challenge Winni...

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.289

Finalists Selected for the DIU Blue Object Management Challenge Skip to main content ☰ Who We Are About Us Our Team Work With Us Solutions Latest Contact 0 Open Pathway s news | 10 December 2025 Finalists Selected for the DIU Blue Object Management Challenge WASHINGTON, D.C. (Dec...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.079

s and could be rapidly adapted for Army use; (2) engage and integrate non-traditional innovators and emerging technology to broaden the U.S. DoW‘s Science and Technology (S&T) and exercise ecosystem; (3) assess technologies and provide expertise and feedback to accelerate, mature...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.076

U.S. and allied operational advantages and increase risk to personnel and critical infrastructure. Current detection and defeat capabilities are often insufficient in complex terrain and f ast evolving threat landscapes. ​ The Army seeks innovative, mature, ready-to-deploy (TRL 6...

NAVSEA / NSWC Dahlgren | score 0.071

The three-day event focused on teaching, challenging and developing Al/ML algorithms for the automated scheduling and coordination of simulated directed energy, hypervelocity projectiles and other advanced weapon systems. The challenge presented opportunities for the universities...

AFWERX | score 0.066

The objective of this effort is to develop and assess the feasibility of an Autonomous Space Cargo Network (ASCN) centered on Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) to modernize cargo handling and logistics operations at the Space Joint Movement Complex (SJMC) and across the Department ...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.066

s within the counter-improvised explosive device (C-IED) space. 1ST PLACE WINNER Aloft Sensing, Inc. Compact Millimeter Wave Imaging Radar for Assured Positioning on sUAS Position Tracking on Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Visit Website 2ND PLACE WINNER Grayscale AI Event-b...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.311

As new and future Army systems are planned for expeditionary operations; developers are focusing on electric power to decrease the reliance on fossil fuels and to alleviate supply line issues. The DoD is seeking technologies to facilitate future electric systems that can operate ...

AFWERX | score 0.297

Develop and demonstrate a compact battery-operated mid-wave infrared (MWIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) photonic chip video camera for integration into mobile network enabled small sensor platforms.

Army xTechSearch | score 0.281

Technologies for Battery Monitoring & Management Problem Statement: The Army seeks new technologies which can be used to provide an accurate estimate of battery system state to various systems or improve management of batteries in air, ground, and soldier platforms. As high energ...

AFWERX | score 0.273

Develop Mid-Wave Infrared/Long-Wave Infrared (MWIR/LWIR) nonlinear optical (NLO) dyes embedded in sol-gel glass operating as an Optical Power Limiter that protects optical sensors from damage caused by high-intensity light by reducing transmittance at high input power levels such...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.261

s within the counter-improvised explosive device (C-IED) space. 1ST PLACE WINNER Aloft Sensing, Inc. Compact Millimeter Wave Imaging Radar for Assured Positioning on sUAS Position Tracking on Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Visit Website 2ND PLACE WINNER Grayscale AI Event-b...

AFWERX | score 0.251

Develop a high-gain, low-frequency vertical line array of vector sensors capable of long- range passive detection and enhanced signal processing, deployable in an A-size form factor.

Army xTechSearch | score 0.250

(also referred to as the Innovation Combine) being tentatively held on or around 21-22 July 2021. WINNER Galley Power LLC/UEC Electronics LLC Next Generation BB-2590 with an Innovative Power Flow Control Battery Management System Topic 1 - Technologies for Battery Monitoring and ...

AFWERX | score 0.244

Develop a blue wavelength, high-power laser with a long coherence length capable of high pulse repetition frequencies.

AFWERX | score 0.238

Develop a low-cost, versatile sUAS platform (Group 3 and below) specifically designed to accommodate modular payloads and capable of ground launch. This platform should enable agile electronic warfare applications in swarms. This topic is intended to develop a standalone solution...

AFWERX | score 0.236

Develop and demonstrate a prototype for photonic-electronic panel technology for the integration of photonic chips (PICs) that contain high-density three-dimensional chip-to-chip and intra- chip optical routing technology developed by the DARPA Heterogeneous Adaptively Produced P...

AFWERX | score 0.232

The objective of this topic is to develop applied research towards a low cost and compact Laser interferometric Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system for rapid clearance of undersea terrain and checkout by divers and vessel operators. To this end, this effort is developing a compa...

AFWERX | score 0.231

Develop and deploy scalable, cost-effective, and rapidly iterated wide-field optical tracking solutions to supplement the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) for high-density proliferated Low Earth Orbit (pLEO) constellations and debris. The solution must meet stringent tracking, la...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.580

The U.S. Army invites interested Artificial Intelligence (AI) focused businesses to participate in the xTech AI Grand Challenge, a competition for eligible businesses across the U.S. to engage with the Department of Defense (DoD), earn prize money, participate in a business accel...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.477

The xTech AI Grand

AFWERX | score 0.389

Develop risk-aware artificial intelligence (AI)-based computing methods motivated by three naval challenge problems that enable insightful active cross-domain (Sea-Space-Air-Land-Cyber) situational awareness and AI-assisted course of action and countermeasures in real-time condit...

NAVSEA / NSWC Dahlgren | score 0.378

DAHLGREN, Va. – Calling all creative game-savvy software innovators at colleges and universities across the nation! Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) is looking for students to compete in its Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Development...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.279

Topic: Automated Data Verification and Validation; Data Augmentation and Feature Engineering Submission Dates: Dec 19 - Jan 30, 2025 Winner Announced: Aug 8, 2025 Who Can Submit: U.S.-based Businesses xTech AI Grand

Army xTechSearch | score 0.278

is seeking cutting-edge technology solutions focused on the importance of preparing data for AI applications and the tools and techniques available from industry to automate and streamline the process. The competition will present an opportunity for Army organizations to see firs...

AFWERX | score 0.256

Automate additive manufacturing (AM) through advanced computational techniques (i.e., artificial intelligence and machine learning [AI/ML], digital twins, etc.) to select optimal materials and manufacturing parameters to meet mission requirements in terms of component performance...

AFWERX | score 0.243

The objective of this topic is to conduct applied research to an innovative capability for a deployable, and user -friendly manufacturing system that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance advanced additive and subtractive machining capabili...

AFWERX | score 0.230

Develop and demonstrate a neuro-enhanced artificial intelligence (AI) system that captures, analyzes, and operationalizes neurophysiological and behavioral data to provide near real-time, adaptive feedback for improved training efficiency, performance, and operational readiness o...

AFWERX | score 0.189

Develop an AI-driven toolset to automate the modernization of Theater Mission Planning Center (TMPC) software, focusing on refactoring legacy code, optimizing performance, integrating advanced cybersecurity, and ensuring compatibility with modern and next-generation mission syste...

AFWERX | score 0.185

Design, develop, and integrate a portable artificial intelligence/ machine learning (AI/ML)- enabled diagnostic module compatible with existing Optical Backscattering Reflectometer (OBR) and Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) mainframes. The module will be engineered to sup...

AFWERX | score 0.163

Develop and demonstrate an integrated multidisciplinary design, analysis, and optimization (MDAO) framework for hypersonic boost-glide weapons that enables concurrent optimization of vehicle geometry, mission trajectory, and control strategy by leveraging existing modeling tools,...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.675

Quantum Radio Frequency Sensors ​

Army xTechSearch | score 0.665

Quantum Electromagnetic Sensors ​

Army xTechSearch | score 0.659

Quantum Sensors and Quantum Clocks for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) ​

Defense Innovation Unit | score 0.352

ed for comprehensive inertial navigation. Extensive ground and flight tests will be executed this Fall. Lessons learned from qualifications of the space inertial sensor directly contributed to subsequent design cycles, emphasizing the benefits from rapid prototyping for emerging ...

AFWERX | score 0.331

Simplify the thermal management of practical atom-based quantum sensors based on alkali atoms by creating a passive atom source operated at thermal equilibrium based on a synthetic alkali vapor density for rubidium or cesium atoms.

Army xTechSearch | score 0.285

Topic: ​​​Quantum Sensors and Quantum Clocks for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT); Quantum Radio Frequency Sensors; Quantum Electromagnetic Sensors; Photonics Submission Dates: Apr 15 - May 13, 2026 Winner Announced: Jul 31, 2026 Who Can Submit: ​​U.S. based small business...

AFWERX | score 0.093

Develop a high-gain, low-frequency vertical line array of vector sensors capable of long- range passive detection and enhanced signal processing, deployable in an A-size form factor.

AFWERX | score 0.081

Develop a prototype for a system that integrates information on sea ice conditions from a diverse set of sources, including shipboard instruments, airborne and spaceborne sensors, and sea ice model output, to yield optimized route options as a planning aid for navigation through ...

AFWERX | score 0.077

Develop advanced automation to detect, locate, classify, and correlate contacts across multiple sonar sensors and multiple display surfaces.

AFWERX | score 0.068

Create a mechatronic kit (roughly 3 feet wide, 3 feet long, 3 feet high, and weighing 220 pounds) with parts that can be easily swapped and reconfigured – including motors, sensors, and software – so that small teams can quickly build and change the mechatronic system in the fiel...

AFWERX | score 0.049

Develop and deploy scalable, cost-effective, and rapidly iterated wide-field optical tracking solutions to supplement the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) for high-density proliferated Low Earth Orbit (pLEO) constellations and debris. The solution must meet stringent tracking, la...

Army xTechSearch | score 0.047

The U.S. Army is looking to develop an intelligent system where Counter Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) sensors and systems can orchestrate autonomously to communicate and coordinate their actions. The goal of this system is to reduce latency and bandwidth while improving rel...